This post was originally given by Emily as a paper for DePaul University in Chicago’s Pop Culture Conference: A Celebration of Star Wars on May 4, 2024.
From its origins, Star Wars has been centrally concerned with our human struggle against the Machine. As early as 1973, Lucas wanted to depict “a large technological empire going after a small group of freedom fighters.”(1) Darth Vader is an emblem of encroaching technological domination and the loss of individual choice, vulnerability, and transcendent connection with others; the emblem of his Empire is a cog. But another Machine-man has, of late, come to dominate the franchise: the Mandalorian. Stories of Mandalorians reveal a rich heritage of belief and tradition. Yet they perennially hover on the brink of extinction—often due to their own technology and warlike ways. From Din Djarin to the Fetts to Sabine Wren, Mandalorians offer a nuanced—even ironic—exploration of Star Wars’ central concern with technology and how to use it without becoming it.
Many sources inform Lucas’ preoccupation with machine existence in Star Wars. One is arguably most important: Arthur Lipsett’s 1963 art-house short for the National Film Board of Canada entitled 21-87. It is a mind-blowing 10-minute experience, available on the National Film Board of Canada’s website. Lipsett was a scavenger who pieced together his colleagues’ rejected material into highly symbolic montages. 21-87 juxtaposes images and audio of modern, machine-based existence (always absurd or horrific) with those of human suffering and of humans in natural, dignified states of wonder. The film derives its name from a recorded discussion about the mechanization of society. A voice, arguing mechanization fulfills the human desire to “fit in,”(2) says, “And somebody walks up and you say, ‘Your number’s 21-87, isn’t it?’ Boy, does that person really, uh, smile.”(3) This audio is repeated at film’s end, leaving the impression that the Machine Age will triumph—if we let it. Lucas watched the film two dozen times as a student, fascinated by its grim message about the Machine age as a threat to our humanity, yet also the potential of nature, art and transcendent spiritual connection to overcome it. (In the film, Lipsett featured recorded dialogue calling such spiritual power and connection “a Force… or something,” and this phrase seems to have stuck in Lucas’ mind.)
As this year’s holy week and Triduum celebrations commence, I’d like to repost an article I wrote for another blog in 2017, soon after the release of a film that is often named as the best of the new Star Wars films: Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016). Not only is this film in need of further attention here on Liturgy and Life, but the timing is good too: in the Great Paschal Triduum, Catholics celebrate the Paschal Mystery of Christ in a prolonged, three-day liturgy that begins on Holy Thursday, moves through the triumph of the cross on Good Friday and concludes at the Easter Vigil on Holy Saturday with the initiation of new members and a festive celebration of the Resurrection. A liturgist friend calls this three-day season (the shortest in the Church year) “Paschal-palooza,” and rightly so. During the Triduum, we Catholics perform the symbolically richest, most lavish rituals we have to glorify a God who saves us by sending his own son to show us what conformity to God’s will really means (spoiler alert: it’s death). Yet death does not have the last word, and we are sanctified by the saving power of Christ’s humility “to the point of death, even death on a Cross” (Phil. 2:8).
Rogue One always struck me as a film with a lot to teach us everyday people about the Paschal Mystery: the loving self-sacrifice that brings new life and new hope. In a 2023 “Actors on Actors” interview between Star Wars stars Hayden Christensen (Anakin Skywalker, Darth Vader) and Diego Luna (Cassian Andor), Luna reflects that what makes Rogue One (and its excellent, must-watch Disney+ spin-off Andor) special is there are no Jedi—the magic is absent from this corner of the galaxy far, far away. The ordinary people of these stories must rely on themselves—and only themselves—to solve galactic problems. They are, Luna said, “simple, regular people doing extraordinary things.” Christ’s ultimate actions are meant to inspire and guide us in the same way: he was one of us—our brother, our friend. Being more like Christ does not mean learning magic or developing superpowers. It means learning to listen to and follow the will of God. Any simple, ordinary person can do it, but one must have faith, hope and—above all—love. These three gifts are exemplified by characters in Rogue One.
The second of two collections of scholarly essays I’ve co-edited with Dr. Amy H. Sturgis is now released: Star Wars: Essays Exploring a Galaxy Far, Far Away was published in July by Vernon Press and is now available in hardcover and e-book formats! (See below for purchasing info and a discount code.) The first of our co-edited collections was released in May: a “twin” volume to this one, dedicated to Star Trek (check out my blog announcement with all the details on that volume by clicking here.) And importantly, you’re invited to some fabulous, virtual book launch events to celebrate! See below for all the details.
About the book
The book is a collection of ten essays exploring Star Wars from many different angles: from the evolution of how Twi’leks are treated in the franchise (and what that says about Star Wars‘ relationship to “the Other”) to how Star Wars and Harry Potter use similar storytelling devices to set their heroes on their destined paths, to the invented languages of Star Wars, to the way Star Wars tie-in media (books, comics, etc.) has developed over time and why that’s important. These essays are engaging, insightful, accessible, and as up-to-date as we could possibly make them, with significant treatments of new shows like Andor and The Book of Boba Fett. It also contains a beautiful foreword written by Ian Doescher, author of the Shakespearean Star Wars adaptations (which are brilliant, in case you’ve never read them).
I’m particularly excited about this book’s release because not only was I the lead editor for it, I also have a chapter in the book on a topic I am very passionate about: the influence of an obscure, 1964 art-house film, Arthur Lipsett’s 21-87, on Star Wars. In my chapter, I demonstrate how the central message of Lipsett’s film–a dire warning about the encroachment of technology on humanity’s ability to connect with nature, each other and the divine–becomes a central concern in all eras of Star Wars storytelling, from A New Hope to The Bad Batch and Andor (especially Andor!). Check back on the blog for more posts about Lipsett’s work and its importance to Star Wars that follow on from my chapter in the book.
In case you missed it, a brief, post-credit epilogue to the finale of season two of The Mandalorian on Disney+ teased a new Star Wars TV show, to be released in December of this year: The Book of Boba Fett. It’s a curious title for a television show, and for Star Wars, and for a show about Boba Fett. We don’t typically associate books with the Star Wars universe; datapads and holocrons yes, but books, when they appear, are antiquated Jedi accouterment, not things of bounty hunters.
I have a confession to make. Mass this past Sunday included a reading from the book of the prophet Jonah, and in the quiet space after the homily, my mind churned with thematic possibilities for Boba Fett, undoubtedly while I should have been praying. Whoops. But Star Wars has a penchant for incorporating Biblical themes into its narratives, increasingly so under Dave Filoni, whose creative hand shapes Star Wars television. For example, in Star Wars: Rebels, Biblical names like Kanan and Ezra orient audiences to their respective characters: an exiled, wayward Jedi and the prophetic Padawan who brings him home. Thus supposing Biblical imagery will inform The Book of Boba Fett is no great stretch (or sin, I hope); the show’s enigmatic title already lends a scriptural gravitas. And it doesn’t take a scripture scholar to align Boba Fett with the prophet Jonah, with whom he shares the strange experience of misadventuring himself into the belly of a great beast. And yet both are spared.
SPOILERS AHEAD FOR STAR WARS: THE RISE OF SKYWALKER!
Last night I saw Star Wars Episode IX: The Rise of Skywalker for the second
time, and I’m ready to share some reactions, film critic though I am not. I
feel honored that several friends have asked for my reactions to the film, and
in gratitude for their interest, I post here some of the many aspects of the
film that delighted me and a few that disappointed.
Delight: This film was well acted, not just by its main characters
but by its entire ensemble cast. Special mention goes to Daisy Ridley as Rey
and Adam Driver as Kylo Ren Ben Solo. Well done, all.
Disappointment: Obviously it’s disappointing (in a profound way)
that Carrie Fisher died before she could film this final installment. J.J.
Abrams cobbled her quite significant role in this film together from unused The Last Jedi footage. The result is…
uneven, especially in scenes with Rey. Sometimes their dialogues (built from
existing footage of Leia) roll like the young Jedi apprentice is having a
conversation with a Magic 8-Ball. Other times they (almost?) work. The
filmmakers took quite a risk, placing so much emphasis on a character whose
actor had died. I’m not sure that risk paid off, cinematically. Leia’s
significant role is certainly emotionally fulfilling for audiences, but relies
too heavily on the audience’s established relationship with this long-beloved
character.
Delight: The mother-son Force connection between Leia and Ben. Star Wars’ exploration of Father-Son
relationships is, historically, thorough-going to the near exclusion of other
types of family relationships, especially that of mother and child. The film
implies that Leia’s mother-love for Ben indelibly connects them in the Force
and is part of what saves Ben, though the actors never come face-to-face (see
above). Moms have never gotten enough narrative attention in Star Wars, so I was glad to see this in
the new film.
Disappointment: That said, I wish more time could have been spent on exploring this mother-child connection. (I also really wish someone would talk about Luke and Leia’s very accomplished, kind and interesting mother Padmé once in a while.) I found Leia as a mother to be a far more intriguing and human side of her character than “Leia as a Jedi trainee.” Personally, I didn’t need The General to possess a lightsaber (especially one she never used) to consider her one of the most admirable characters in fantasy. Anyway, I hope the future of the franchise branches out to explore motherhood more, or at least more types of familial relationships than Father-Child and sibling dyads.
Delight: Force-healing powers. One of the most fascinating books in the vast universe of Star Wars ancillary literature (canon or not) is The Jedi Path: A Manual for Students of the Force by Daniel Wallace (published in 2010, so “Legends,” but who really cares at this point?). What’s more, sequel trilogy directors Rian Johnson and J.J. Abrams have mined this informative little book to expand canonical dimensions of Force ability. (Johnson has been open about his use of the book; it informs Luke’s ability to create a doppelganger of himself at the end of The Last Jedi.) For those of us familiar with The Jedi Path, Rey’s Force-healing powers were quite believable (for my qualms, see below). Wallace’s book informs us that “Jedi Healers use their connection to the Living Force to save the lives of the dying and to cure the infected.” (123) I’d love to see more exploration of Jedi Force-powers in the future of Star Wars, so this made a lovely addition to the canon. (Side note: if you’d like to know more about the beautiful golden hue of Rey’s new lightsaber and what it signifies about her particular character as a Jedi, see The Jedi Path section on Jedi Sentinels.)
Disappointment:These
powers probably needed to be introduced sooner in the trilogy to be believable
and relevant to general audiences as the save-all which they became. I also
wish we knew if Rey’s Force-healing abilities were inherent (as they seem to be
in the Child’s from the Disney+ live-action show The Mandalorian), or if she trained to acquire them. If she learned
them, did Kylo Ren Ben Solo learn them also? (If so, when? And is that consistent with his character?) Or was
he able to perform such healing because of his “Force-dyad” connection to Rey?
Or… or… ? It’s sad we don’t have another installment to answer these questions.
Delight: C-3PO. Anthony Daniels shone in this film, and not just because of his gold-clad coverings. It’s hard sometimes to appreciate that there’s a real guy in that suit – a very thin guy, with amazing posture – who’s been in every one of nine Star Wars main saga films, not-so-silently filling in expository gaps and creating humor, continuity and dilemmas for the main characters. In this film, his character is particularly well written and acted, with surprising moments of tenderness that speak to the franchise’s generations-long emphasis on the power of friendship. Threepio’s memory wipe also nodded to (echoed? rhymed with?) Revenge of the Sith, which featured Threepio’s last known memory wipe, and his “programming difficulty” in interpreting the Sith language pointed to Return of the Jedi, in which he could not pretend to be a god to the Ewoks, creating a major dilemma for the main characters, whom the Ewoks held captive. (Plus, turns out when you put him in a brown cloak, he looks like a really tall Jawa, to hilarious effect.)
Disappointment: The choices of characters in this film had few real costs for the audience. Threepio’s memory wipe is a good if minor example: the sacrifice he made is lessened, even nullified when R2-D2 simply restores his memory upon his return. (Plus, Threepio continually introducing himself to main characters was hilarious and should have continued.) A much more significant example of the film’s “cost deficiency” was Rey’s Force-healing powers, which she seems to be able to wield without cost. As fantasy writer Brandon Sanderson and others have outlined, magic must be limited in some way to be believable in fantasy stories, must have clear costs to those who wield it. Of course there was a cost to Kylo Ren Ben Solo, but come on, we all knew he wasn’t going to make it out of this film, didn’t we? After all, his theme resolves to a major key in the trailer… never a good sign for a villain!
Delight: Rey is a Skywalker. Star Wars has always celebrated found families, and Rey’s intentional choice to be a Skywalker is a great extension of this emphasis. I delighted also in certain character’s found Force-sensitivity. I suspect what Finn wanted to express to Rey as they were sinking in sand was not undying romantic love so much as his desire – and ability – to learn to use the Force as she does. The Sequels have, from their inception, sought to walk back the Prequels portrayal of the Force as something reserved for the few with “midichlorians” in their blood. Characters like Finn, Jannah and others in the Sequels hold a promise for the future of the Jedi, or simply just Force-manipulation, for the good of the cosmos. Sometimes, that is how the Force works.
Disappointment: Rey is a Palpatine. Really? Do we absolutely have our best story-spinners on the job here? This is one of many elements of the film that seemed a “safe” or “warmed over” choice for general audiences rather than an interesting, though-provoking choice that would have tied in with the franchise’s own ancillary materials. I also have a hard time believing that old Palpy just rested his laurels while building that army… for 30 years. (I guess he was just hanging around… sorry, couldn’t resist.)
Delight: new characters, creatures and cameos. Babu Frik (voiced by Shirley Henderson of Moaning Myrtle fame!), D-O the droid (voiced by J.J. Abrams himself), the troop of space-horse-riding Stormtrooper deserters, Poe’s old associate Zorii and Allegiant General Pryde all make great additions to the galaxy far, far away. Cameos by John Williams (!), Lin Manuel Miranda (who also wrote the music for “a planet”, which I’m guessing is the very danceable tune playing for the festival on the planet Pasaana), and vocal contributions by all your favorite Jedi also made my day (especially Hayden Christensen! Go Ani! Bring that balance!).
Disappointment: I read Rebecca Roanhorse’s Resistance Reborn, one of the “Journey to” books for the new films, which was NOT a disappointment, BUT: based on that story, I expected Wedge Antilles to have more than one line in this film.
Delight: That kiss. Cinematically, the kiss between Rey and Ben
worked, and made tangible how far their relationship has come – a bit like Ron
and Hermione’s, occasioned as it was by Ron “getting” the house-elf dilemma
(finally). Ben’s smile afterward was perhaps even more charming. The romantic
in me loved it, as did small group of Rey/Ben shippers in the cinema of my
first viewing (there was a short-lived but exuberant, all-female cheer from one
corner). That their kiss is drawn as a joyful moment implicitly questions the
Jedi Order’s tradition of celibacy, which played a role in its downfall (think
Anakin and Padmé), and I’m all for Jedi Order reform.
Disappointment: That kiss. Is this what balance in the Force has to mean? A heterosexual, romantic union? Was the kiss part of their Force-connection, or just puppy love icing on their Force-dyad cake? I’m in two minds about the kiss, as you can see. I keep asking myself: “What would Qui-Gon Jinn say about it?” (As you do.) Thus far: silence.
I hope you won’t be silent on the comment thread. Please let me know your own delights and disappointments in the film. And May the Force Be With You!
One of the challenges of reading scripture in a college course in North America is the perceived saturation of any Christian text in a society in which Christianity dominates the religious landscape. When my students see the Gospel of Mark listed on the syllabus, they assume encountering the text will be a matter of review. “I mean, obviously, I’m a Christian, so I’ve read it before.” I hear this frequently, yet in teaching the text, I find many students have never read the Gospel the way they have read other assigned literary texts such as The Odyssey or Jane Eyre. They’ve heard the Gospel, but then only in snippets (or thematic extracts called pericopes). We can thank the various churches (mine included) for this; in proclaiming and studying scripture bit-by-bit (even, in some churches, phrase-by-phrase), we’ve created a “snippet” Christian scriptural culture, whose members struggle to put the whole story together and think critically about what it means, especially as members of the dominant culture. Continue reading “Pop Culture in the Classroom: Rogue One and the Gospel of Mark”
With me, when a new Star Wars movie comes out on DVD/streaming, the question is not whether I will purchase it, but when. Though it became available Saturday night, I had to wait until last night to purchase access to Solo: A Star Wars Story due to conflicts (which included my eager interest in the current offering from PBS Masterpiece on Sunday night: part 2 of The Miniaturist – very unexpected and highly recommended!).
I saw Solo only twice in the cinema, not because I didn’t love it (I did!) but because of timing, and the annoying lack of people as excited about it as I was. So last night I had my third viewing, managing to watch about a third of the film and wanted to share these thoughts. Continue reading “First (really third) thoughts on Solo: A Star Wars Story”